This article is about time zones in geral. For a list of time zones by country, see List of time zones by country. For more time zone lists, see Lists of time zones. For other uses, see Time zone (disambiguation).
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones td to follow the boundaries betwe countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convit for areas in frequt communication to keep the same time.
All time zones are defined as offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), ranging from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00. The offsets are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India, South Australia and Nepal.
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Some areas of higher latitude use daylight saving time for about half of the year, typically by adding one hour to local time during spring and summer.
In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC offset wh DST is not in effect. Wh DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for Lord Howe Island, where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period California observes UTC−07:00 and the United Kingdom observes UTC+01:00.
United States: Arizona (Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho (most), Kansas (west), Montana, Nebraska (west), New Mexico, Nevada (northeast border), North Dakota (southwest), Oregon (east), South Dakota (west), Texas (west), Utah, Wyoming
Central European Time
United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (northwest), Illinois, Indiana (northwest, southwest), Iowa, Kansas (most), Ktucky (west), Louisiana, Michigan (northwest border), Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska (most), North Dakota (most), Oklahoma, South Dakota (most), Tnessee (most), Texas (most), Wisconsin
United States: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida (most), Georgia, Indiana (most), Ktucky (most), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan (most), New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pnsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tnessee (east), Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
The appart position of the Sun in the sky, and thus solar time, varies by location due to the spherical shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four minutes of time for every degree of longitude, so for example wh it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in Bristol, which is about 2.5 degrees to the west.
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The Royal Observatory, Grewich, founded in 1675, established Grewich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard referce time while each location in gland kept a differt time.
In the 19th ctury, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvit for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.
Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.
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On November 2, 1868, the th British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.
It was based on longitude 172°30′ east of Grewich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.
Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th ctury was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a differt time.
Standard Time Zones Hi Res Stock Photography And Images
Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first ctered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was ctered on meridian 75° west of Grewich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd's system was never accepted by North American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemted a version proposed by William F. All, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.
The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, oft in major cities. For example, the border betwe its Eastern and Ctral time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called The Day of Two Noons,
The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Ctral, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10, 000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time.
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A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway betwe the meridians of Eastern and Ctral time), which kept local time until 1900, th tried Ctral Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an d wh standard time zones were formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.
Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called longitudinal days, the first ctred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no atttion until long after his death.
Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - see Sandford Fleming § Invtor of worldwide standard time. The proposal divided the world into twty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.
Time Zone Map
He advocated his system at several international conferces, including the International Meridian Conferce, where it received some consideration. The system has not be directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming's system.
By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an tire country, without any referce to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.
All nations currtly use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone ev though the extt of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argtina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequces, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizs, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.
How Time Zone Normalization Works
ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of represting dates and times in textual form, including specifications for represting time zones.
If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a Z is added directly after the time without a separating space. Z is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. 09:30 UTC is therefore represted as 09:30Z or 0930Z. Likewise, 14:45:15 UTC is writt as 14:45:15Z or 144515Z.
Offsets from UTC are writt in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be +01:00, +0100, or simply +01. This numeric represtation of time zones is appded to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or Z, as above) are appded. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Ctral Time Zone, is −06:00 for the winter (Ctral Standard Time) and −05:00 for the summer (Ctral Daylight Time).
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Time zones are oft represted by alphabetic abbreviations such as EST, WST, and CST, but these are not part of the international